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Modern Synchronization Framework  

Introduction
  • Modern Synchronization Framework refers to the high-level concurrency utilities provided by Java in the java.util.concurrent package.
  • It is designed to simplify multithreading, prevent common concurrency issues such as deadlocks and race conditions, and provide better performance and flexibility compared to traditional synchronized blocks and wait()/notify() mechanisms.
  • Main packages used in the Modern Synchronization Framework are:
    • java.util.concurrent
    • java.util.concurrent.atomic – contains atomic classes for lock-free, thread-safe operations.
java.util.concurrent Package
  • java.util.concurrent is a Java package that provides high-level concurrency utilities like locks, thread pools, and thread-safe collections to simplify multithreading and improve performance, safety, and control in concurrent programs.
  • It is used to manage threads, synchronize tasks, and handle shared resources safely in multithreaded applications.
  • Below are some Classes & Interfaces present in java.util.concurrent package:
    Category Class / Interface Type Description
    Locks ReentrantLock Class Provides an explicit lock with reentrancy support, fairness, and advanced features compared to synchronized.
    Locks ReentrantReadWriteLock Class Provides separate locks for reading and writing, improving concurrency for read-heavy workloads.
    Locks StampedLock Class Supports optimistic and pessimistic locking, ideal for high-performance read operations.
    Synchronizers Semaphore Class Controls access to a shared resource by permitting a fixed number of threads at a time.
    Synchronizers CountDownLatch Class Allows threads to wait until a set of operations in other threads complete.
    Synchronizers CyclicBarrier Class Allows a set of threads to wait for each other at a barrier point and proceed together.
    Synchronizers Phaser Class Flexible barrier that allows threads to wait for each other in multiple phases.
    Executor / Thread Pool Executor / ExecutorService Interface / Class Framework for managing thread pools and executing tasks asynchronously.
    Executor / Thread Pool ScheduledExecutorService Interface Allows scheduling tasks with a delay or periodically.
    Executor / Thread Pool Future / CompletableFuture Interface / Class Represents the result of an asynchronous computation; can be used for chaining tasks.
    Concurrent Collections ConcurrentHashMap Class Thread-safe high-performance map implementation suitable for concurrent access.
    Concurrent Collections CopyOnWriteArrayList / CopyOnWriteArraySet Class Thread-safe collections optimized for read-heavy workloads; writes create a new copy.
    Concurrent Collections BlockingQueue Interface Thread-safe queue supporting blocking operations, commonly used in producer-consumer scenarios.
java.util.concurrent.atomic Package
  • java.util.concurrent.atomic is a Java package that provides lock-free, thread-safe operations on single variables using atomic classes.
  • It is used to perform atomic operations on shared variables in multithreaded applications without using synchronized blocks or explicit locks, improving performance and scalability.
  • Below are some important Classes & Interfaces present in java.util.concurrent.atomic package:
    Category Class / Interface Type Description
    Atomic Primitives AtomicInteger Class Provides atomic operations for int values, such as increment, decrement, and compare-and-set.
    Atomic Primitives AtomicLong Class Provides atomic operations for long values, suitable for high-performance counters.
    Atomic Primitives AtomicBoolean Class Provides atomic operations for boolean values, useful for thread-safe flags.
    Atomic References AtomicReference<V> Class Provides atomic operations for object references, enabling lock-free updates.
    Atomic References AtomicReferenceArray<E> Class Provides atomic operations for arrays of object references.
    Atomic Field Updaters AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater Class Enables atomic updates to int fields of objects using reflection.
    Atomic Field Updaters AtomicLongFieldUpdater Class Enables atomic updates to long fields of objects using reflection.
    Atomic Field Updaters AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<T,V> Class Enables atomic updates to object reference fields of objects using reflection.
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